Introduction
Charge represents the smallest known form of energy. It’s plausible that other energy manifestations, such as mass, kinetic energy, and potential energy, could be different expressions of charge.
While there are many different meanings to the word charge, the charge in this discussion is of an electrical nature. It is associated with the electron. This is Coulomb’s “charge,” which is the basis of electromagnetic (EM) phenomena.
In the context of physics, “charge” can refer to either an electric charge or a magnetic charge, which is associated with the electron. An electric charge is a difference in value between two fundamental levels of electromotive force (EMF). The charge is referred to as the current flow that creates the magnetic flux rather than the voltage difference that creates the force.
A charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force within an electromagnetic field. This is a conserved property of subatomic particles that determines their electromagnetic interaction. Charge is a conserved property of subatomic particles, meaning that it cannot be created or destroyed.
Description
Charges are expressed as electron volts (eVc2) developed across the impedance of free space (Z0). The smallest charge an object carries is the electron, which carries a charge of 1 volt. Charge differences are relative to each other, not absolute to a frame. It is the difference in the charge levels that is important.
To counter the electron in our molecular universe, we designate this balance charge as a hole. In the complex universe of “-j”, where time is reversible, This is an antiparticle. These have been designated positrons to balance the electron. In electrical or electronics disciplines, they are designated by a + sign, which really means a void in a molecule that is available for the collection of an electron. They are elusive, as they only existed in the past as missing electrons.
Historical insights
Around 600 BC, Thales of Miletus observed static electricity, marking the early understanding of charge. He noticed that amber rubbed with silk attracted objects, which marked the first documented instance of static electricity and the fundamental concept of charge.
1600s: William Gilbert coined the term “electricity” and delved into magnetism and electrostatic effects.
1733: Charles Dufay identified positive and negative charges.
1745: Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar, the first capacitor.
1752: Benjamin Franklin conducted famous experiments with electricity, including the iconic kite experiment, and proposed the single-fluid theory of electricity.
Static Fields
Early discoveries by Isaac Newton and others laid the groundwork for understanding electric fields.
1700s: Kleist and Musschenbroek developed the Leyden jar, showcasing the ability to store electric charge.
1785: Coulomb formulated his law, quantifying the relationship between charges and distance.
Coulomb investigated electrical forces and introduced the concept of vacuum permittivity or permittivity of free space (ε₀).
Coulomb’s law experimentally determined how bodies of the same charge exert force on each other. The law has been extensively tested and upholds its principles. Coulomb’s law can be mathematically expressed as F = keq1q2/r2
1800: Alessandro Volta (Italy) invented the voltaic pile, the first battery, providing a continuous source of electric current.
1808: Humphry Davy (England) discovered electrolysis, demonstrating the chemical effects of electric current.
1820-1831: Hans Christian Ørsted (Denmark) and Michael Faraday (England) independently discovered electromagnetism, revealing the connection between electricity and magnetism.
Michael Faraday’s contributions included Faraday’s law of induction, lines of force, and electrochemical laws. Faraday established quantitative relationships between electricity and chemical reactions.
Michael Faraday discovered that space has the ability to store magnetic fields. He called this ability “permeability.” Faraday also discovered that magnetic fields are created by current flow. A magnetic field can be produced by a moving current through a conductor. Likewise, a voltage can be produced across a conductor in a moving magnetic field.
Faraday’s experiments in the 1820s-1830s included dielectric polarization, a phenomenon related to permittivity. He is credited with the following important ideas:
Faraday’s law of induction: This law describes how a changing magnetic field induces a current in a conductor, a fundamental principle in electromagnetism and generator operation.
The concept of lines of force: This visualized electric and magnetic fields, aiding in the understanding of their interactions and properties.
Electrochemical laws: Faraday established quantitative relationships between electricity and chemical reactions, leading to advancements in batteries and electroplating.
Permeability of Free Space
The formalization of permeability is credited to Henry Darcy in the mid-1850s. Darcy’s law, developed by Darcy, included permeability as a constant describing fluid flow through porous media.
Darcy’s work was based on his experiments with water flowing through sand-filled pipes. He observed that the rate of flow was proportional to the pressure difference and inversely proportional to the length of the pipe. He then formulated this relationship into Darcy’s law, which includes the permeability coefficient (k) as a constant representing the specific properties of the porous medium.
While recognizing the earlier contributions of others who investigated fluid flow and porous media, Darcy’s formal definition and experimental validation of permeability marked a significant milestone in understanding and quantifying this important physical property.
Maxwell’s equations:
1861: James Clerk Maxwell published his groundbreaking equations of electromagnetism, which included the concept of permittivity, though not explicitly denoted as ε0. Late 19th and early 20th centuries: Scientists like Wilhelm Weber and Ludwig Boltzmann refined the measurement and interpretation of ε0.
In tying electrical and magnetic charge phenomena together, Maxwell postulated that a magnetic flux could be produced by a current flow between charges without a conductor (capacitor) with his idea of “displacement current”. A current flow could exist in space.
Maxwell contributed to this understanding by postulating the generation of magnetic flux through a current flow between charges without a conductor, introducing the concept of “displacement current.” This idea expanded the notion of current flow beyond conductors into the space itself.
1881: Oliver Heaviside independently derived the equations of electromagnetism, introducing symbols ε and μ for permittivity and permeability. Late 19th and early 20th centuries saw refinement in the measurement and interpretation of ε0.
Therefore, while individual contributions are critical, attributing the “discovery” of ε0 to one person is challenging. It evolved through the collective efforts of numerous researchers, with Maxwell and Heaviside playing key roles in its formalization and representation as a constant.
Electric Charge Specifics
Differences in charge between two entities give rise to the electromagnetic force. The greater the charge difference, the stronger the force. Charge, as the smallest form of energy, might be the fundamental basis for other energy manifestations like flux, mass, kinetic, and potential energy.
Electric charge signifies a difference in value between two fundamental levels of electromotive force (EMF). It’s quantized, existing only in discrete units, associated with the electron and expressed as electron volts (eVc2) developed across the impedance of free space (Z0).
The electromagnetic force arises from differences in charge levels, emphasizing the relative nature of these differences, not their absolute values. This is contrary to the idea of both a positive and negative charge.
Magnetic Charge
The attraction of charges to regions of space with lower impedance creates a current, leading to the formation of a magnetic field. This magnetic field exhibits characteristics where opposite charges are attracted, and like charges repel. Magnetic flux, a profound concept at the intersection of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, emerges from charge acceleration.
As charged particles undergo acceleration, dynamic changes occur in the electric and magnetic fields surrounding them, resulting in a flow of energy manifested as magnetic flux. This phenomenon is intricately linked to the principles of Z0, offering a groundbreaking framework that redefines gravity and energy. Investigating the genesis of magnetic flux through the lens of accelerating charge reveals its foundational role in shaping electromagnetic interactions, providing a deeper understanding of the interconnected forces governing quantum-level particle behavior.
The charge difference between two particles is a fundamental driver of the electromagnetic force, with greater charge differences resulting in stronger forces. Describing magnetic interaction in terms of a vector field, each point in space is associated with a vector determining the force a moving charge would experience (see Lorentz force).
Magnetic flux, as a field resulting from charge acceleration, implies that it carries information about the changing energy balance of the universe. Z0 suggests that charge is a fundamental property of quantum energy, a result of two polarities of energy around the plane of time achieving a level to sustain a dependent structure.
In electromagnetics, the term “magnetic field” is used for two distinct but closely related vector fields denoted by the symbols B and H. H is measured in the SI base units of amperes per meter (A/m). It is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field. B is measured in Tesla, which is equivalent to Newton per meter per Ampere. It is a measure of the total magnetic flux per unit area. H and B differ in how they account for magnetization. In a vacuum, the two fields are related through the vacuum permeability, B/μ0=H. However, in a magnetized material, the terms differ depending on the material’s magnetization at each point.
Charge Composition and Magnetic Monopoles
Charge is observed as a monopolar phenomenon in our universe. Observations suggest the presence of two types of charges, designated plus (+) and minus (-). While magnetic monopoles have not been observed, some theories predict their existence.
Charge Dipoles and Virtual Charge Pairs
Observations suggest that energy always contains charge in pairs, forming charge dipoles. These pairs, assumed to be of opposite polarity, provide the gradients necessary for work. The idea that charge pairs can develop as separate energy levels in the vacuum of space suggests that space is not empty but filled with a sea of virtual charge pairs.
Considerations About The Composition of a Charge:
A charge could be made up of a vortex of energy.
A charge could be made up of a string or loop of energy.
A charge could be made up of a brane or sheet of energy.
Quantum Energy and the Z0 Theory
Charge is a fundamental property of quantum energy, integral to Planck’s description of the “quantum.” Z0 introduces a fresh perspective, proposing that charge is a fundamental property of quantum energy, resulting from differences of energy, not two polarities of energy about the plane of time, achieving a level to sustain a dependent structure.
Charge Differences and Electromagnetic Force Dynamics
Charges are attracted to regions of lower impedance, generating a current and, consequently, a magnetic field. Opposite charges attract, while like charges repel, causing a dynamic interplay in regions with varying impedance levels.
Lattice
The dynamic interplay of the electric and magnetic fields, coupled with force interactions, creates a self-organizing system. This system leads to a distribution of charges, striving to equalize density along impedance gradients.
Charges and Quantum
Planck’s assertion that all “photons” contain an equal amount of charge potential, with differences in frequency or waveform slopes determining energy density concerning time. Z0 introduces a fresh perspective on the nature of electric charge, proposing that charge is a fundamental property of quantum energy resulting from two polarities of energy about the plane of time achieving a level to sustain a dependent structure.
Z0 Twist
The charge pair is postulated as the fundamental building block of the universe, with all other forms of energy, such as mass and radiation, being different manifestations of the charge pair. This concept provides an explanation for the precise tuning of the universe and the universality of the laws of physics.
In systems involving energy and momentum, there exists a primal movement of mass under force known as the “first jerk” or snap of movement, indicating the release of all friction forces.