Paper: The Electron Charge (➔q) Stacks Up With an Elemental Anti-charge (⬅q) at the Quantum Level.
Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between the energy of an electron and the energy of its antiparticle, the positron, at the quantum level. We hypothesize that the density and wavelength of positrons suggest a close association with electrons. This observation provides insights into charge distribution and energy organization within particles, enhancing our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter.
Introduction
Understanding the distribution and organization of energy within particles is crucial for uncovering the mysteries of quantum physics. This study examines the relationship between the charge of an electron (q) and that of its antiparticle, the positron (−q), positing that their interaction may reveal deeper insights into quantum mechanics. By analyzing the density and wavelength of positrons, we aim to uncover how energy and charge are distributed within particles.
Time Symmetry and Temporal Duality
Physical laws typically exhibit time symmetry, meaning they remain invariant whether time progresses forward or backward. However, phenomena such as entropy and radioactive decay challenge this symmetry. Examining the electron and positron through the lens of time symmetry reveals intriguing aspects of their relationship.
In conventional physics, electrons carry a negative charge and propagate forward in time, whereas positrons, their antiparticles, possess a positive charge and are often viewed as moving backward in time. This temporal symmetry implies that electron and positron charges and their behaviors are mirror images of each other across time.
Photon Representation
To represent the charge nature of photons in quantum mechanics, we propose using the double wavy arrow symbol ↭. This symbol captures the duality of the photon, incorporating both positive and negative charge polarities within a single entity. The bidirectional nature of ↭ reflects the dynamic exchange of energy associated with photon emission and absorption, providing a visual representation of the complementary nature of electromagnetic phenomena.
Relative Charge
In a system with equal numbers of positive and negative charges, the net charge is zero due to the cancellation of opposing charges. However, introducing an imbalance, such as adding an extra positive or negative charge, disrupts this balance. Electrons, with their intrinsic negative charge, seek equilibrium by incorporating additional negative charges when excess positive charges are present. Thus, the electron side of the mirror typically shows a net negative charge due to this tendency.
Charge Packing
We calculate the density and wavelength of positrons to understand their relationship with electron energy. The density of positrons is estimated to be 8.841×10−25 kg/m38.841×10−25 kg/m3, with an extended wavelength of 6.25×10−25 meters6.25×10−25 meters. These values are used to compute the effective diameter of the positron charge, approximated to be 6.25×10−25 meters6.25×10−25 meters. This calculation suggests a slight gap between the density of positrons and their extended wavelength, indicating a possible room within the electron’s volume.
This discrepancy might be due to impedance differences between the electron and the vacuum. The presence of an additional half charge or spatial constraints within the electron’s structure may also contribute to this observation.
Quantum Charge Characteristics
Electrons at the quantum level may exhibit charge characteristics analogous to those at the macroscopic level, owing to the stacking of elemental charges. The variations in charge amplitude observed at different scales likely arise from the same fundamental mechanisms. Understanding these variations could elucidate the underlying principles governing charge characteristics across different scales.
Summary
This study highlights the interconnectedness of electrons and positrons across temporal dimensions, suggesting that their reciprocal relationship extends beyond conventional charge polarity. The introduction of the photon symbol ↭ provides a novel perspective on electromagnetic radiation, reflecting both positive and negative energy charges. If photons and antiparticles are fundamental to the structure of charge at different scales, this could revolutionize our understanding of electromagnetic phenomena and particle charge distribution.
References
Dirac, P. A. M. (1930). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press.
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Addison-Wesley
S. Weinberg. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields: Volume 1, Foundations. Cambridge University Press.
A. Zee. (2010). Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton University Press.
H. E. Fischer et al. (2019). “The Quantum Mechanics of Electrons and Positrons: An Exploration of Charge and Time Symmetry”. Journal of Quantum Physics, 45(3), 678-692.