Paper: Interaction of a Charge Dipole within the Near Field of a Larger Dipole
Abstract
This paper explores the interaction between a smaller charge dipole and the near field of a larger, lower-frequency dipole. The study focuses on the mathematical description of the electromagnetic fields involved, the forces and torques exerted on the smaller dipole, and the alignment of the dipole planes. The interaction is modeled using fundamental principles of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics.
Introduction
The concept of charge dipoles interacting within the near field of other dipoles is central to understanding various electromagnetic phenomena. The analysis includes the temporal aspects of the charge dipole and its alignment within the electromagnetic environment.
Electromagnetic Fields in the Near Field
The near field of a dipole refers to the region close to the dipole where electromagnetic fields exhibit complex, non-radiative behavior.
Electric Field (E-field)
The near-field electric field of a dipole is given by:
E(r) = (1 / (4*πϵ0)) * ((3*(p⋅r)*r) / (r5 – p / r3)
where p is the dipole moment, r is the position vector relative to the dipole, and r=∣r∣.
Magnetic Field (H-field)
The near-field magnetic field of a dipole is given by:
H(r) = (1 / (4*π) ) * ((3*(m⋅r)*r) / (r5 – m / r3)
where m is the magnetic dipole moment.
Interaction with a Smaller Dipole
The smaller dipole within the near field of the larger dipole experiences forces and torques due to the electromagnetic fields.
Force on the Smaller Dipole
The force F on a dipole ps in an electric field E is given by:
F = (ps ⋅∇) E
Torque on the Smaller Dipole
The torque T on a dipole ps in an electric field E is given by:
T = ps × E
Alignment of Dipole Planes
The alignment of the planes of the dipoles is influenced by the torque exerted on the smaller dipole. The orientation can be described using the potential energy U of the dipole in the field:
U = −ps ⋅ E
Mathematical Description
To describe the full interaction mathematically, we combine the fields and forces.
Electric Field of the Larger Dipole
The electric field of the larger dipole at a position rs of the smaller dipole is:
EL(rs) = 1 / 4πϵ0 ( 3 ( pL⋅rs) rs / rs5 −pL / rs3 )
The force on the smaller dipole at position rs is:
Fs = ( ps⋅∇ ) EL (rs)
Torque on the Smaller Dipole
The torque on the smaller dipole at position rs is:
Ts = ps × EL (rs)
Potential Energy and Alignment
The potential energy of the smaller dipole at position rs is:
Us = −ps ⋅ EL (rs)
Influence of the Surrounding Environment
The surrounding environment affects the smaller dipole’s energy and orientation.
Induced Dipole Moment
If the smaller dipole’s moment ps is induced by the larger dipole’s field, we have:
ps = α EL (rs)
where αα is the polarizability of the smaller dipole.
Resulting Interaction Energy
The resulting interaction energy is:
Uint = −α ( EL (rs) ⋅ EL (rs) )
Conclusion
The interaction of a smaller charge dipole within the near field of a larger dipole involves calculating the local electric and magnetic fields, determining the forces and torques on the smaller dipole, and understanding how the alignment and potential energy of the dipoles are influenced by their relative positions and orientations. This mathematical framework provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between dipoles in an electromagnetic environment.
References
Einstein, A. (1916). “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity.” Annalen der Physik, 49(7), 769-822. doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702.
Jackson, J. D. (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th ed.). Pearson.
Planck, M. (1901). “On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum.” Annalen der Physik, 4, 553.
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1964). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Addison-Wesley.
Schwinger, J., DeRaad Jr, L. L., Milton, K. A., & Tsai, W. Y. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics. Westview Press.
Ryder, L. H. (1996). Quantum Field Theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Weinberg, S. (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. Wiley.
Higgs, P. W. (1964). “Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons.” Physical Review Letters, 13(16), 508-509. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508.